Spatial Transformations in Ceuta, Spain: Effects of a Low-Density Hinterland on a Border Enclave.

Abstract

Located in a strategic geopolitical location on the north coast of Africa, the enclave of Ceuta is a highly-researched border settlement. This is largely due to its specificity and being the unique tangible border between the European Union (EU) and Africa. As a Spanish city it is part of the UE; however, it is located on the African continent and it does not have a land connection with Europe. What is less studied is its development as an urban environment, which is necessary to understand the evolution of Ceuta in relation to the border. Much of its uniqueness is due to the Kingdom of Morocco’s decision to not recognise the eight-kilometre long border and the lack of urban development and density on the Moroccan side of the border. The border and its six meter high barbed wire fence have created a situation where the movement of people and goods has forced the economy to adapt to written and unwritten laws. As a result, the border can be considered as a permeable membrane for informal movements and economic activities, while it serves as a strong barrier that limits the undesired flows originated from south-north migrations. Due to the shortage of land for growth and development within Ceuta, lack of development on the Moroccan side could be considered an opportunity to resolve social and spatial injustices. In order to improve community conditions and territorial continuity, centripetal strategies to densify and improve the built environment are necessary and these must be taken at the local level, where answers to social and community problems are found.