West Nile virus unmasked: from gene variability to future challenges
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El virus del Nilo Occidental (WNV) es un ortoflavivirus transmitido por mosquitos cuyo ciclo de transmisión implica aves como reservorios y artrópodos vectores. Aunque no existen cifras globales exactas, estimaciones basadas en seroprevalencia indican entre 4 y 16 millones de infecciones al año. Con una mortalidad aproximada del 6–7% en los casos notificados, el WNV representa un desafío relevante para la salud pública.
Esta revisión resume la biología molecular del WNV, abarcando la organización del genoma, la maduración proteica, los mecanismos de replicación y el papel de las regiones no traducidas y de las modificaciones postraduccionales en la adaptación viral. Se destaca la variabilidad genética intrahospedador y la naturaleza de cuasiespecie como elementos clave en la evasión inmunitaria y la evolución del virus.
Asimismo, se analizan los factores ecológicos y epidemiológicos que influyen en su expansión, especialmente en el contexto del cambio climático y la alteración de la distribución de vectores. La revisión aborda también las manifestaciones clínicas, la patogénesis, los métodos diagnósticos y las estrategias terapéuticas actuales. Se describen enfoques emergentes de prevención y control, como la vigilancia entomológica, el desarrollo de vacunas y nuevos candidatos antivirales, incluidos péptidos dirigidos, anticuerpos y mutagénesis letal.
El trabajo subraya la necesidad de sistemas de vigilancia integrados bajo el enfoque One Health y de acelerar el desarrollo de vacunas para reducir el riesgo de futuros brotes a nivel global.
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne orthoflavivirus whose transmission cycle involves birds as reservoirs and arthropod vectors. Although precise global figures are lacking, seroprevalence-based estimates suggest between 4 and 16 million infections annually. With an approximate mortality of 6–7% among reported cases, WNV remains a significant public health challenge. This review summarizes the molecular biology of WNV, including genome organization, protein maturation, replication mechanisms, and the roles of untranslated regions and post-translational modifications in viral adaptation. Intrahost genetic variability and the quasispecies nature of WNV are highlighted as key factors in immune evasion and viral evolution. The review also examines ecological and epidemiological drivers of WNV spread, particularly in the context of climate change and shifting vector distributions. Clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnostic methods, and current therapeutic strategies are discussed. Emerging approaches for prevention and control are addressed, including entomological surveillance, vaccine development, and novel antiviral candidates such as targeted peptides, antibodies, and lethal mutagenesis. The work underscores the need for integrated One Health surveillance systems and accelerated vaccine development to mitigate the risk of future global outbreaks.
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne orthoflavivirus whose transmission cycle involves birds as reservoirs and arthropod vectors. Although precise global figures are lacking, seroprevalence-based estimates suggest between 4 and 16 million infections annually. With an approximate mortality of 6–7% among reported cases, WNV remains a significant public health challenge. This review summarizes the molecular biology of WNV, including genome organization, protein maturation, replication mechanisms, and the roles of untranslated regions and post-translational modifications in viral adaptation. Intrahost genetic variability and the quasispecies nature of WNV are highlighted as key factors in immune evasion and viral evolution. The review also examines ecological and epidemiological drivers of WNV spread, particularly in the context of climate change and shifting vector distributions. Clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, diagnostic methods, and current therapeutic strategies are discussed. Emerging approaches for prevention and control are addressed, including entomological surveillance, vaccine development, and novel antiviral candidates such as targeted peptides, antibodies, and lethal mutagenesis. The work underscores the need for integrated One Health surveillance systems and accelerated vaccine development to mitigate the risk of future global outbreaks.
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Frontiers in Celular and Infection Microbiology. 2025 Nov 5; 15:1690827
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