The relationship between human and animal health in the prevention of West Nile virus in Spain.

Abstract

Human health and animal health are closely related, since animals can act as reservoirs for diseases (zoonoses) and be affected by the same pathogens that affect humans. Therefore, the implementation of preventive and control measures that integrate both dimensions of health is crucial to prevent the emergence and spread of diseases, such as that caused by the West Nile virus (WNV). WNV is a Flavivirus that is maintained among bird populations through mosquito bites. Eventually, infected mosquitoes can bite mammals, usually humans and horses, and these can suffer from the disease. In 2020, the largest epidemic outbreak of WNV occurred in Spain, affecting humans and horses, and claiming the lives of 8 people. To analyse the factors that influenced the transmission of the virus to humans and horses, pathogeographic models were developed in the Iberian Peninsula based on the cases of that year. The results showed similar environmental conditions for the development of outbreaks in humans and horses. In addition, WNV cases in horses were excellent indicators of the risk of cases in humans. The models made it possible to highlight the areas at risk of outbreaks for the following years. The main hydrographic basins of the Iberian Peninsula were the most favourable areas for the appearance of outbreaks, affecting both Portugal and Spain. The importance of carrying out interdisciplinary collaboration to address public health challenges and the prevention of zoonotic diseases is highlighted. For this, it is necessary to develop a solid understanding of the relationship between animal health and human health and take effective measures to improve the health and well-being of both animals and humans.