RT Journal Article
T1 The persistence of gender pay and employment gaps in European countries.
A1 Afonso, António
A1 Blanco-Arana, María del Carmen
K1 Discriminación sexual en el trabajo
K1 Salarios
K1 Mujeres - Salarios
AB We assess the factors that influence the gender pay gap and gender employment gap across an unbalanced panel of 31 European countries over the period 2000–2022, and estimate a system generalized method of moment model (GMM). We find that tertiary education reduces gender pay gap, and part-time and temporary contracts significantly increase this gap. Moreover, part-time reduces significantly gender employment gap, and both secondary and tertiary education as well. Additionally, for countries with GDP per capita below the sample mean, temporary work and part-time work significantly increases the gender pay gap. Nevertheless, for both group of countries (below and above GDP per capita sample mean), temporary work increases, whereas part-time work decreases the gender employment gap, highlighting the importance of being working or not. Finally, in higher income countries, education is the crucial determinant in reducing these gaps. Results are robust with fixed effects models.
PB Springer Nature
YR 2025
FD 2025-04-03
LK https://hdl.handle.net/10630/38714
UL https://hdl.handle.net/10630/38714
LA eng
NO Afonso, A., Blanco-Arana, M.C. The persistence of gender pay and employment gaps in European countries. Comp Econ Stud (2025). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41294-025-00252-6
NO https://openpolicyfinder.jisc.ac.uk/id/publication/8304
NO This work was supported by the FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia) [grant number UIDB/05069/2020] and by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation [grant number PID2020115429 GB-I00].
DS RIUMA. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Málaga
RD 20 ene 2026