RT Journal Article T1 The awkward rhetoric of Spanish liberalism: The politics of language of the Citizens party. A1 Rosales, José María K1 Liberalismo - España K1 Retórica - Aspectos políticos K1 Comunicación en política AB This article explores the ideological controversies around Spanish liberalism through the story of the Citizens party – from its rise in 2006 through 2023, after a sequence of electoral defeats that almost certified its demise. Born as a regional party in Catalonia with an anti-nationalist platform focused on linguistic policies, in national politics it fostered a liberal agenda. The article examines Citizens’ politics of language hiding the party’s liberal identity because of its association to right-wing outlooks. At its founding documents there was an amalgam of liberal and social democratic constitutional values inspiring the party’s political approach. No earnest question was made of their difficult accommodation, given their disparity at the policy level. In 2017 an internal debate arouse, and from 2019 a number of electoral setbacks accelerated it. By then the liberal language legitimizing its passage from regional into a national party had lost its civic appeal. PB John Benjamins Publishing YR 2025 FD 2025 LK https://hdl.handle.net/10630/38560 UL https://hdl.handle.net/10630/38560 LA eng NO José María Rosales, ‘The awkward rhetoric of Spanish liberalism: The politics of language of the Citizens party’, Journal of Language and Politics, 24:2 (2025), 259–79; doi: 10.1075/jlp.22182.ros. NO Política de acceso abierto tomada de: https://openpolicyfinder.jisc.ac.uk/id/publication/10964 NO Civic Constellation III project (Spain’s Research Fund, PGC2018-093573-B-I00), and COST Action 16211 Reap- praising Intellectual Debates on Civic Rights and Democracy in Europe (RECAST, Horizon 2020 Framework Programme). DS RIUMA. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Málaga RD 20 ene 2026