RT Journal Article
T1 How to proceed when both normality and sphericity are violated in repeated measures ANOVA.
A1 Blanca-Mena, María José
A1 Alarcón-Postigo, Rafael
A1 Arnau, Jaume
A1 García-Castro, F. Javier
A1 Bono Cabré, Roser
K1 Psicología - Metodología
K1 Análisis de varianza
K1 Montecarlo, Método de
AB Adjusted F-tests have typically been proposed as an alternative to the F-statistic in repeated measures ANOVA. Despite considerable research, it remains unclear how these statistics perform under simultaneous violation of normality and sphericity. Accordingly, our aim here was to conduct a detailed examination of Type I error and power of the F-statistic and the Greenhouse-Geisser (F-GG) and Huynh-Feldt (F-HF) adjustments, manipulating the number of repeated measures (3-6), sample size (10-300), sphericity (Greenhouse-Geisser epsilon estimator, from its lower to upper limit), and distribution shape (slight to extreme deviations from normality). The findings show that the behavior of F-GG and F-HF depends on the degree of violation of both normality, sphericity, and sample size. Overall, we suggest using F-GG under violation of sphericity and slight or moderate deviations from normality in all sample size; with severe deviations from both normality and sphericity F-GG may be used with a sample size larger than 10; and with extreme deviation from both normality and sphericity this statistic may be used with a sample size larger than 30. In the event of discrepant results between F-GG and F-HF, the choice depends on the  epsilon value.
PB Universidad de Murcia
YR 2024
FD 2024-07-19
LK https://hdl.handle.net/10630/40154
UL https://hdl.handle.net/10630/40154
LA eng
NO Blanca, M. J., Alarcón, R., Arnau,J, García-Castro, F. J., & Bono, R. (2024). How to proceed when both normality and sphericity are violated in repeated measures ANOVA. Anales de Psicología, 40 (3), 466-480. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.594291
NO Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
NO PID2020-113191GB-I00
DS RIUMA. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Málaga
RD 20 ene 2026