RT Journal Article T1 Music as a Medium of Instruction (MMI): A new pedagogical approach to English language teaching for students with and without music training A1 Fernández de Cañete García, Claudia A1 Pineda-Hernández, Inmaculada Concepción A1 Waddell, George K1 Inglés - Estudio y enseñanza K1 Enseñanza - Innovaciones AB Recent research shows that musical training improves children’s development of oral and auralskills. This study focuses on developing and testing a methodological framework (Music as aMedium of instruction, MMI) in English language teaching (ELT) by contrasting MMI and gamificationmethodologies with the participation of 22 Spanish children all born in 2008. The differencesin progression between participants with and without previous instrumental training are alsodiscussed. Generalized linear model procedures were used for each outcome variable (listeningcomprehension and oral production skills) to investigate the effect of independent variables (MMIvs. gamification; students with music training vs. learners without music training). Results revealedthat students of the MMI group had significantly higher scores than the gamification group in oralproduction. Significant improvement was traced in listening comprehension in the MMI group.This study provides promising initial evidence that the MMI approach can be at least as beneficialas gamification-based approaches for young learners in the ELT classroom. However, results needto be established on firmer grounds, for instance by using fully randomized experimental designsand by conducting mediation analyses. PB Sage YR 2022 FD 2022-07-09 LK https://hdl.handle.net/10630/29387 UL https://hdl.handle.net/10630/29387 LA eng NO Fernández de Cañete García, C., Pineda, I., & Waddell, G. (2022). Music as a Medium of Instruction (MMI): A new pedagogical approach to English language teaching for students with and without music training. Language Teaching Research, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688221105769 DS RIUMA. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Málaga RD 21 ene 2026