RT Journal Article T1 An Ordinal Item Response Model for Understanding Attitudes A1 Mauerer, Ingrid Doris A1 Tutz, Gerhard K1 Opinión pública K1 Sociología electoral K1 Ciudadanía - Unión Europea - Actitudes K1 Ciudadanía - Estados Unidos - Actitudes AB We present an item response model for ordinal public opinion data to understand individual-level variation in attitudes as a function of covariates. The approach allows investigating how individuals (or population subgroups) differ in substantive stances and attitude strength. It is a two-dimensional partial credit model that incorporates covariates linked to attitude direction and strength into the basic model. We exemplify the types of substantive insights into heterogeneity that can be obtained from the approach but not from existing models with two applications: attitudes toward gender equality (European Values Study) and the evaluation of presidential candidates (American National Election Study). PB Sage Journals YR 2025 FD 2025-12 LK https://hdl.handle.net/10630/44649 UL https://hdl.handle.net/10630/44649 LA eng NO Mauerer, I. & Tutz, G. (2025). "An Ordinal Item Response Model for Understanding Attitudes". Sociological Methods and Research. OnlineFirst. https://doi.org/10.1177/00491241251403078 NO EMERGIA program (EMC21-00256), Junta de Andalucia, Spain DS RIUMA. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Málaga RD 4 mar 2026