RT Journal Article T1 Reinforcement and Curriculum Learning for Off-Road Navigation of an UGV with a 3D LiDAR A1 Sánchez-Montero, Manuel A1 Morales-Rodríguez, Jesús A1 Martínez-Rodríguez, Jorge Luis K1 Robótica K1 Robots autónomos K1 Aprendizaje automático (Inteligencia artificial) AB This paper presents the use of deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) for autonomous navigationof an Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) with an onboard three-dimensional (3D) Light Detectionand Ranging (LiDAR) sensor in off-road environments. For training, both the robotic simulatorGazebo and the Curriculum Learning paradigm are applied. Furthermore, an Actor–Critic NeuralNetwork (NN) scheme is chosen with a suitable state and a custom reward function. To employ the3D LiDAR data as part of the input state of the NNs, a virtual two-dimensional (2D) traversabilityscanner is developed. The resulting Actor NN has been successfully tested in both real and simulatedexperiments and favorably compared with a previous reactive navigation approach on the same UGV. PB MDPI YR 2023 FD 2023-03-18 LK https://hdl.handle.net/10630/26864 UL https://hdl.handle.net/10630/26864 LA eng NO Sánchez M, Morales J, Martínez JL. Reinforcement and Curriculum Learning for Off-Road Navigation of an UGV with a 3D LiDAR. Sensors. 2023; 23(6):3239. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23063239 NO Partial funding for open access charge: Universidad de Málaga DS RIUMA. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Málaga RD 20 ene 2026