RT Journal Article T1 The devil is in the detail: What do citizens mean when they support stealth or participatory democracy? A1 Fernández-Martínez, José Luis A1 Costa-Font, Joan K1 Democracia directa AB Recent research on citizen process preferences has highlighted three different models of decision making: representation, participation and stealth democracy. However, the meanings of the two alternatives to the prevailing representative model have not been fully explored. What do citizens have in mind when distinguishing between participatory and stealth models of democracy? Using survey data from several Western European countries, the article explores one distinction within preferences for each of the models: the preference for more referendum-based versus dynamic responsiveness-based solutions on the participatory side and for expert-based versus business-based solutions on the stealth side. The article ends by exploring the impact of left-right ideologyand education upon these preferences. The explanatory power of the variables is greater for understanding the internal distinction of the stealth model than the participatory one. PB SAGE YR 2017 FD 2017 LK https://hdl.handle.net/10630/36656 UL https://hdl.handle.net/10630/36656 LA spa NO Fernández-Martínez, J. L., & Font Fábregas, J. (2017). The devil is in the detail: What do citizens mean when they support stealth or participatory democracy?. Politics, 38(4), 458-479. ISSN: 0263-3957 NO https://openpolicyfinder.jisc.ac.uk/id/publication/7158 DS RIUMA. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Málaga RD 21 ene 2026