RT Journal Article T1 Height estimation of soil erosion in olive groves using a time-of-flight sensor A1 Lima-Cueto, Francisco Javier A1 Moreno-Párrizas, Hugo A1 Blanco-Sepúlveda, Rafael A1 Andújar-Sánchez, Dionisio K1 Olivicultura K1 Agricultura mediterránea AB The olive groves’ relevance has historically been ingrained in Mediterranean cultures. Spain stands out as a leading producer worldwide, where olive trees are extensively grown in the Andalusian region. However, despite the importance of this strategic agricultural sector, cultivation through the years has given rise to various crop management practices that have led to disruptive erosion processes. The objective is to measure land erosion in over 100-year-old olive groves considering the 3D reconstructed recent relief of olive tree mounds. A time-of-flight depth sensor, namely, Kinect v2, was employed to 3D model the target areas, i.e., trunk and exposed roots, to determine the height as a surrogate of the difference between the historical and recent relief. In three plots in southern Spain, the height of relic tree mounds was measured in olive trees at the upper and bottom parts to determine soil profile truncation. The results were compared and validated with manual measurements (ground truth values). Olive trees were grouped into high, moderate, and low slope gradient classes. The results showed, in all cases, high consistency in the correlation equations (Pearson’s coefficients over 0.95) between the estimated values in the models and the actual values measured in the olive trees. Consequently, these excellent results indicate the potentialof this low-budget system for the study of historical erosion. Notably, the Kinect v2 can generate 3D reconstructions of tree mounds at microtopographic scales in outdoor situations that would be challenging for other depth cameras under variable lighting conditions, as found outdoors. PB MDPI YR 2022 FD 2022 LK https://hdl.handle.net/10630/36571 UL https://hdl.handle.net/10630/36571 LA eng NO Lima, F.; Moreno, H.; Blanco-Sepúlveda, R.; Andújar, D. Height Estimation of Soil Erosion in Olive Groves Using a Time-of-Flight Sensor. Agronomy 2023, 13, 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/ agronomy13010070 NO Partial funding for open access charge: Universidad de MálagaThis research was funded by OAPN grant number 2924S/2022 and by AEI, grant number TED2021-130031B-I00, and PID2020-437 113229RBC43/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. DS RIUMA. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Málaga RD 15 abr 2026