RT Journal Article T1 Concept, Development and Testing of Mars Rover Prototypes for ESA Planetary Exploration A1 Azkarate, Martin A1 Gerdes, Levin A1 Wiese, Tim A1 Zwick, Martin A1 Pagnamenta, Marco A1 Hidalgo-Carrió, Javier A1 Poulakis, Pantelis A1 Pérez-del-Pulgar-Mancebo, Carlos Jesús K1 Robótica K1 Espacio exterior K1 Planetas - Exploración AB This paper presents the system architecture and design of two planetary rover laboratory prototypes developed at the European Space Agency (ESA). These research platforms have been developed to provide early prototypes for validation of designs and serve ESA’s Automation & Robotics Lab infrastructure as testbeds for continuous research and testing. Both rovers have been built considering the constraints of Space Systems with the sufficient level of representativeness to allow rapid prototyping. They avoid strictly space-qualified components and designs that present a major cost burden and frequently lack the flexibility or modularity that the lab environment requires for its investigations. This design approach is followed for all the mechanical, electrical, and software aspects of the system. In this paper, two ExoMars mission-representative rovers, the ExoMars Testing Rover (ExoTeR) and the Martian Rover Testbed for Autonomy (MaRTA), are thoroughly described. The lessons learnt and experience gained while running several research activities and test campaigns are also presented. Finally, the paper aims toprovide some insight on how to reduce the gap between lab R&D and flight implementation by anticipating system constraintswhen building and testing these platforms. YR 2021 FD 2021 LK https://hdl.handle.net/10630/22480 UL https://hdl.handle.net/10630/22480 LA spa DS RIUMA. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Málaga RD 20 ene 2026