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      <subfield code="a">Elena Fito, Santiago</subfield>
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      <subfield code="a">Big questions in Evolutionary Biology and experimental limitations&#xd;
- The evolution of complex traits.&#xd;
- The role of neutral variation in adaptive evolution.&#xd;
- Selection for fitness vs selection for robustness.&#xd;
- The topography of adaptive landscapes and the evolution of landscapes.&#xd;
- Eco-evolutionary dynamics: how evolution changes ecology and how ecology modulates evolution.&#xd;
- Evolution of phenotype-genotype maps.&#xd;
- The evolution of genetic systems (sex, speciation, genome architecture).&#xd;
    &#xd;
The advantages of microbial Experimental Evolution&#xd;
- They are easy to propagate and enumerate.&#xd;
- They reproduce quickly, which allows experiments to run for many generations.&#xd;
- They allow large populations in small spaces, which facilitates experimental replication.&#xd;
-They can be stored in suspended animation and later revived, which allows the direct comparison of ancestral and evolved types.&#xd;
-Many microbes reproduce asexually and the resulting clonality enhances the precision of experimental replication.&#xd;
-Asexuality also maintains linkage between a genetic marker and the genomic background into which it is placed, which facilitates fitness measurements.&#xd;
-It is easy to manipulate environmental variables, such as resources, as well as the genetic composition of founding populations.&#xd;
- There are abundant molecular and genomic data for many species, as well as techniques for their precise genetic analysis and manipulation.</subfield>
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      <subfield code="a">Biología</subfield>
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      <subfield code="a">Evolución</subfield>
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      <subfield code="a">What Evolutionary Biologists Can Learn from Artificial Life</subfield>
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