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                  <mods:namePart>Segata, Monica</mods:namePart>
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                  <mods:namePart>Marinoni, Nicoletta</mods:namePart>
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                  <mods:namePart>Galimberti, Matteo</mods:namePart>
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                  <mods:namePart>Cantaluppi, Marco</mods:namePart>
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                  <mods:namePart>Pavese, Alessandro</mods:namePart>
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               <mods:identifier type="uri">https://hdl.handle.net/10630/18021</mods:identifier>
               <mods:identifier type="doi">10.1016/j.matchar.2019.109809</mods:identifier>
               <mods:abstract>The present investigation deals with how minor elements (their oxides: MgO, Na2O and SO3) in industrial kiln&#xd;
feeds affect (i) chemical reactions upon clinkering, (ii) resulting phase composition and microstructure of&#xd;
clinker, (iii) hydration process during cement production.&#xd;
Our results show that all these points are remarkably sensitive to the combination and interference effects&#xd;
between the minor chemical species mentioned above.&#xd;
Upon clinkering, all the industrial raw meals here used exhibit the same formation temperature and amount&#xd;
of liquid phase. Minor elements are preferentially hosted by secondary phases, such as periclase. Conversely, the&#xd;
growth rate of the main clinker phases (alite and belite) is significantly affected by the nature and combination&#xd;
of minor oxides. MgO and Na2O give a very fast C3S formation rate at T > 1450 K, whereas Na2O and SO3 boost&#xd;
C2S&#xd;
After heating, if SO3 occurs in combination with MgO and/or Na2O, it does not inihibit the C3S crystallisation&#xd;
as expected. Rather, it promotes the stabilisation of M1-C3S, thus indirectly influencing the aluminate content,&#xd;
too. MgO increseases the C3S amount and promotes the stabilisation of M3-C3S, when it is in combination with&#xd;
Na2O. Na2O seems to be mainly hosted by calcium aluminate structure, but it does not induce the stabilisation of&#xd;
the orhtorhombic polymorph, as supposed to occur. Such features play a key role in predicting the physicalmechanical&#xd;
performance of a final cement (i.e. rate of hydration and hardening) when used as a bulding material.</mods:abstract>
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                  <mods:title>The effects of MgO, Na2O and SO3 on industrial clinkering process: phase composition, polymorphism, microstructure and hydration, using a multidisciplinary approach</mods:title>
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               <mods:genre>journal article</mods:genre>
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