2026-06-05T12:22:30Zhttps://riuma.uma.es/rest/oai/request

oai:riuma.uma.es:10630/216322026-02-03T11:26:10Zcom_10630_2254col_10630_37953

Metapopulation Patterns of Iberian Butterflies Revealed by Fuzzy Logic Pulido-Pastor, Antonio Márquez-Moya, Ana Luz Guerrero, José Carlos García-Barros, Enrique Real-Giménez, Raimundo Mariposas Metapopulation theory considers that the populations of many species are fragmented into patches connected by the migration of individuals through an interterritorial matrix. We applied fuzzy set theory and environmental favorability (F) functions to reveal the metapopulational structure of the 222 butterfly species in the Iberian Peninsula. We used the sets of contiguous grid cells with high favorability (F ≥ 0.8), to identify the favorable patches for each species. We superimposed the known occurrence data to reveal the occupied and empty favorable patches, as unoccupied patches are functional in a metapopulation dynamics analysis. We analyzed the connectivity between patches of each metapopulation by focusing on the territory of intermediate and low favorability for the species (F < 0.8). The friction that each cell opposes to the passage of individuals was computed as 1‐F. We used the r.cost function of QGIS to calculate the cost of reaching each cell from a favorable patch. The inverse of the cost was computed as connectivity. Only 126 species can be considered to have a metapopulation structure. These metapopulation structures are part of the dark biodiversity of butterflies because their identification is not evident from the observation of the occurrence data but was revealed using favorability functions 2021-05-05T07:39:04Z 2021-05-05T07:39:04Z 2021 2021-04 journal article Pulido‐Pastor, A.; Márquez, A.L.; Guerrero, J.C.; García‐Barros, E. Metapopulation Patterns of Iberian Butterflies Revealed by Fuzzy Logic. Insects 2021, 12, 392. https://doi.org/10.3390/ insects12050392 https://hdl.handle.net/10630/21632 10.3390/insects 12050392 eng open access MDPI