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                  <mods:namePart>Moreno-Torres-Sánchez, Ignacio</mods:namePart>
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                  <mods:namePart>Lozano, Andres</mods:namePart>
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                  <mods:namePart>Bermúdez-de-Alvear, Rosa María</mods:namePart>
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                  <mods:namePart>Pino, Josue</mods:namePart>
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                  <mods:namePart>Garcia-Mendez, María Dolores</mods:namePart>
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                  <mods:namePart>Nava-Baro, Enrique</mods:namePart>
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                  <mods:dateAccessioned encoding="iso8601">2024-09-24T17:40:09Z</mods:dateAccessioned>
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               <mods:identifier type="citation">Moreno-Torres, I.; Lozano, A.; Bermúdez, R.; Pino, J.; Méndez, M.D.G.; Nava, E. Unmasking Nasality to Assess Hypernasality. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 12606. https:// doi.org/10.3390/app132312606</mods:identifier>
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               <mods:identifier type="doi">10.3390/app132312606</mods:identifier>
               <mods:abstract>Automatic evaluation of hypernasality has been traditionally computed using monophonic&#xd;
signals (i.e., combining nose and mouth signals). Here, this study aimed to examine if nose signals&#xd;
serve to increase the accuracy of hypernasality evaluation. Using a conventional microphone and a&#xd;
Nasometer, we recorded monophonic, mouth, and nose signals. Three main analyses were performed:&#xd;
(1) comparing the spectral distance between oral/nasalized vowels in monophonic, nose, and mouth&#xd;
signals; (2) assessing the accuracy of Deep Neural Network (DNN) models in classifying oral/nasal&#xd;
sounds and vowel/consonant sounds trained with nose, mouth, and monophonic signals; (3) analyzing&#xd;
the correlation between DNN-derived nasality scores and expert-rated hypernasality scores. The&#xd;
distance between oral and nasalized vowels was the highest in the nose signals. Moreover, DNN&#xd;
models trained on nose signals outperformed in nasal/oral classification (accuracy: 0.90), but were&#xd;
slightly less precise in vowel/consonant differentiation (accuracy: 0.86) compared to models trained&#xd;
on other signals. A strong Pearson’s correlation (0.83) was observed between nasality scores from&#xd;
DNNs trained with nose signals and human expert ratings, whereas those trained on mouth signals&#xd;
showed a weaker correlation (0.36). We conclude that mouth signals partially mask the nasality&#xd;
information carried by nose signals. Significance: the accuracy of hypernasality assessment tools may&#xd;
improve by analyzing nose signals.</mods:abstract>
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               <mods:subject>
                  <mods:topic>Hipernasalidad</mods:topic>
               </mods:subject>
               <mods:titleInfo>
                  <mods:title>Unmasking Nasality to Assess Hypernasality</mods:title>
               </mods:titleInfo>
               <mods:genre>journal article</mods:genre>
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