Molecular phylogeography has for decades been a frequently used approach to delineate novel evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) and to study the dynamics of invasive species. Next-generation sequencing technology (NGS) and the use of environmental DNA (eDNA) have the potential to revolutionize our way of understanding biodiversity and to establish rapid protocols for early-stage detection of invasive species. In seaweeds, however, several years of research on iconic invasive taxa of ambiguous taxonomic status (e.g. Caulerpa, Codium, Asparagopsis) have suggested that an integrative approach, namely the combination of multiple lines of evidence (e.g. phylogeographic, ecological, physiological and predictive modelling), is necessary to accurately resolve the taxonomy and their invasive potential. At present, integrative approaches in these fields are often weak
because of incongruences among species delineation, newly discovered ESUs which remain undescribed taxonomically, and because databases containing vouchers of barcoded specimens are incomplete. As relocations of marine biota accelerate and climatic changes offer new potential niches for invasive seaweeds, new, transferable and internationally adopted protocols are necessary for exploring, monitoring and managing marine biodiversity. This is particularly urgent in areas of intense maritime traffic, such as the Mediterranean Sea and the Hawaiian archipelago, in order to achieve sustainable socio-economic development without compromising the local marine resources.
